Atrial Fibrillation Overview

‍Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is characterized by irregular or excessively rapid contractions of the heart's upper chambers (atria), disrupting the flow of blood into the lower chambers (ventricles). This condition can result in severe complications, including stroke and heart failure. The irregular blood flow can cause blood to pool and potentially form clots; if a clot travels to the brain, it can cause a stroke. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Over 2.7 million individuals in the United States are affected by AFib, often requiring medical intervention.

Causes of Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation typically arises from damage to or abnormalities in the heart. Common causes include:

• High blood pressure
• Heart attack
• Coronary artery disease
• Viral infections
• Sleep apnea
• Metabolic imbalances
• Previous heart surgery

Heart abnormalities leading to AFib may include congenital heart defects and abnormal heart valves.

Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation

AFib can be asymptomatic, but it often presents with symptoms such as:

• Palpitations
• Chest pain
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Lightheadedness
• Shortness of breath
• Confusion

Additionally, individuals with AFib may experience a reduced ability to exercise.

Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation

Diagnosis involves a physical examination, medical history review, and various tests, including:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Echocardiogram
• Blood tests
• Chest X-rays

Types of Atrial Fibrillation

AFib is classified based on the duration of episodes:

• Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Episodes resolve spontaneously within 7 days.
• Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Episodes last longer than 7 days and do not resolve on their own; treatment is required to restore normal rhythm.
• Permanent Atrial Fibrillation: The irregular rhythm is continuous and does not return to normal, even with treatment.

Treatment for Atrial Fibrillation

Treatment aims to restore or control heart rate and prevent stroke. Treatment options depend on the condition's severity and include:

• Electrical cardioversion to reset heart rhythm
• Blood-thinning medications
• Anti-arrhythmic drugs
• Atrioventricular node ablation
• Catheter ablation
• Atrial pacemaker

Addressing underlying conditions may also help restore normal heart rhythm.

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